The HomeCageScan has been validated in mouse models of post-surgical pain following vasectomy and laparotomy (Roughan et al., 2009, 2016). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104458, Minett, M. S., Quick, K., and Wood, J. N. (2011). However, it is proving useful as a tool to monitor animal welfare, not only in rodents, but also in other species, with grimace scales being developed for pigs, sheep and horses (Matsumiya et al., 2012; Miller and Leach, 2015; Dalla Costa et al., 2016; Hager et al., 2017; Viscardi et al., 2017). In addition, the Hargreaves test enables quantification of heat thresholds in unrestrained animals, reducing the likelihood of stress-induced responses. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.10.006, Wibbenmeyer, L., Sevier, A., Liao, J., Williams, I., Latenser, B., Lewis, R., et al. Similarly, as it cannot be said that the animal feels pain, analgesia and analgesic intervention cannot take placeonly anti-nociception and anti-nociceptive interventions can. Influence of skin temperature on heat pain threshold in humans. Ultrasound vocalisation by rodents does not correlate with behavioural measures of persistent pain. Similarly, it overcomes some of the experimental difficulties of static weight bearing analysis, albeit no information on gait can be obtained. The rat grimace scale: a partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions. Eur. Unilateral hot plate test: a simple and sensitive method for detecting central and peripheral hyperalgesia in mice. Burns 43, 304309. Although the ability to target rat ES cells was then available, doing so was still difficult. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.010, Brenner, D. S., Golden, J. P., and Gereau, R. W. IV (2012). New hot plate tests to quantify antinociceptive and narcotic antagonist activities. Behavioral and physiological methods for early quantitative assessment of spinal cord injury and prognosis in rats. Methods 87, 185193. Sensitivity to cold is recorded either by quantifying the number or duration of nocifensive responses, or scoring of the severity of the response (e.g., 0, no response; 1, brisk withdrawal or flick of the paw; 2, repeated flicking of the paw; 3, repeated flicking of the hind paw and licking of the paw; Colburn et al., 2007; Xing et al., 2007). Orbital tightening is the narrowing of the orbital area and tightly closing or squeezing of eyes. Differentiating thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia using dynamic hot and cold plate in rodents. Temperature 3, 7791. This test can be carried out using the same mouse enclosures as the electronic von Frey test (MouseMet) and is based on the application of a 2 mm thermal probe to the hind paw. J. Pharmacol. A disadvantage of this method is that the number of measurements per animal is variable and that it requires repeated, time-intensive measurements, which may lead to sensitization or learnt responses. Efficient analysis of experimental observations. 47, 810. (2017). Also, since rats are easier to feed and smaller in size than other complex mammals, such as primates, they are a more convenient option for many researchers. Pain 22, 131.
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