Since criminality was regarded as being caused by physical and or mental defects, it was quite logical to specifically prevent female offenders from reproducing (Zedner, Citation1991, p. 342349). Collins also found that the language employed in articles focused on female offenders was more fearful. Lombroso's (1876) biological theory of criminology suggests that criminality is inherited and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by the way they look. Berrington & Honkatukia, Citation2002; Brennan & Vandenberg, Citation2009; for a critical discussion of these themes see Sandman, Citationin press). Our quantitative material does not allow us to compare the occurrence of these two categories in as much detail as has been possible in previous studies, but Table 1 presents the proportion of articles in which the criminal act is described as a rational/conscious act or as the result of mental illness in the offender.Footnote2 The table shows that by comparison with the articles focused on male offenders, descriptions involving references to both rational action and mental illness are more common in the articles focused on womens crime. Brennan and Vandenbergs (Citation2009) study of front-page newspaper stories contains a summary of studies focused on depictions of female offenders. In approximately 30% of the articles on womens offending, as compared to only one-tenth of the articles on mens crime, we find an explanation for the offending. Figure 2 also shows that when the gender gap in violent crime starts to decline following the Second World War, this is due to two different underlying processes. It is also notable that this difference is found throughout the period 19052015 and irrespective of whether we focus on all types of crime or exclusively on violence. For this reason, Lombroso has been mostly vilified by the criminological community. LOMBROSO, CESARE (1835-1909), Italian criminologist. Registered in England & Wales No. As has been found in previous research, the material confirms that daily newspapers choose to focus their attention on violent crime (see e.g. In fact, approximately two-thirds of the articles that refer to crimes committed by women, and approximately 90% of those referring to mens offending, lack a clear description of why the offences have been committed.Footnote1 This difference is of interest in itself, and is something we will return to in the results section. It is perhaps surprising that the proportion of articles discussing mental illness is higher among the men when the analysis is limited to articles that include some form of explanation. Our study focuses on a period of more than 100years during which society has changed dramatically, with the liberation of women and increased gender equality having constituted central elements in this process of change. This suggests that women and men are viewed differently and that the need to describe women in relation to a man has changed following womens emancipation. An edition of The female offender (1895) The female offender Authorized ed. In order to understand what is driving this process, it is important to look at the trend in convictions in more detail (Figures 23). Designed to make his original text accessible to students and scholars alike, this volume includes extensive notes, appendices, a glossary, and more than thirty of Lombrosos own illustrations. . In addition if one studies victimology which is the role that the victim plays in the crime, it is apparent that there are many different causes for criminal behavior.
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