[8], The theory does not propose that individuals are aware of the accessibility or availability of their self-discrepancies. A Test of Higgins's (1987) Hypotheses", brought into question the correlations between specific discrepancy and emotional discomforts laid out by self-discrepancy theory. Self-discrepancy theory1 states that people have beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they actually experience. (2000). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 225238. According to Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. Other analyses describe shame as being associated with concern over losing the affection or esteem of others. [4] The larger variance between the number of matches and the number of nonmatches (i.e., the greater the divergence of attributes between the two self-state representations), the larger the magnitude of that type of self-discrepancy that is available. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. However, it is obvious that both the availability and accessibility can influence social information processing automatically and without awareness. The measure of self-discrepancies requires only that one be able to retrieve attributes of specific self-state representations when asked to do so. a role in the development of ideal and ought self-guides. Body Image, 17,48-56. It is one's perception of their own attributes (intelligence, athleticism, attractiveness, etc.). Discrepancies create two major types of negative physiological situations: absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions, and the presence of negative outcomes which is associated with agitation-related emotions. It does not require that one be aware of the relations among these attributes of their significance. Conversely, immersion into a predominantly white community and separation from a black community can lead biracial individuals to internalize negative views of people of color and perhaps develop a sense of inferiority. While this termis accurately explained in the video, the concept itself has come under fire due to an inability to reproduce results that wereoriginally published over 20 years ago. Research with clinically depressed and clinically anxious patients has found that discrepancies between patients actual selves and their ideal self-guides predict their suffering from depression more than such discrepancies predict their suffering from anxiety disorders, whereas discrepancies between patients actual selves and their ought self-guides predict their suffering from anxiety disorders more than such discrepancies predict their suffering from depression. Self-discrepancy theory. Profitez d'un essai gratuit de 2 heures. Ogilvie (1987), in contrast, suggests that the undesired self-an avoidance-based self-goal-has a more powerful influence on emotions relative to ideal and ought selves. The pattern of parenting that is predicted to create strong ideals in children is when parents combine bolstering (when managing success) and love withdrawal (when disciplining failure). The ideal self represents the characteristics that oneself or others wish an individual to possess ideally. Daryl Bem proposed self-perception theory in 1967 when he argued that people sometimes analyze their own behavior in the same fashion as they would analyze someone else's behavior. Connectez-vous ou commencez votre essai gratuit. Copyright 2023 MyJoVE Corporation. His automatic tendencybringing the goal to mind firstdiminished any thoughts about the immediate temptation, and he could achieve his long-term objective of living a wholesome life with his family. The standpoint of some significant other. Self-discrepancy theory - Wikipedia The ideal self represents hopes and wishes, whereas the ought self is determined through obligation and sense of duty. Whether praise is warranted or not is very subjective and specific to each person and context, but in general there have been questions raised about the potential negative effects of too much praise. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Self-discrepancy theory was developed in an attempt to answer the following question: Why is it that when people are emotionally overwhelmed by tragedies or serious setbacks in their livessuch as the death of their child, the loss of their jobs, or the break-up of their marriagessome suffer from depression whereas others suffer from anxiety? Agitation-related emotions are associated with this discrepancy and results in the presence of negative outcomes. [4], A discrepancy between these self-guides occurs when one's view of their actual attributes do not meet the expectations of what they think they ought to possess. Over the past few decades, womens bodies in the media have gotten smaller and thinner, while mens bodies have gotten bigger and more muscular. When the actual self is discrepant from an ideal, people feel sad, disappointed, discouraged dejection-related emotions that relate to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1004-1014. Culture also influences how we see ourselves. Moreover, consistent with the underlying logic of the theory, several studies have found that individuals with strong ideals are especially sensitive to events reflecting the absence or the presence of positive outcomes (gains and non-gains), whereas individuals with strong oughts are especially sensitive to events reflecting the presence or absence of negative outcomes (nonlosses and losses). For example, when a student is studying for a test, they may engage in meta-cognitive strategies such as creating a study schedule, breaking down the material into smaller chunks, and testing themselves to gauge . More specifically, because violation of prescribed duties and obligations is associated with punishment, this particular discrepancy represents the presence of negative outcomes. Owen Hargie, Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice (London: Routledge, 2011), 99. Self Discrepancy Theory | Encyclopedia.com The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self".
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