Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Communism, universalism and disinterestedness: Re-examining contemporary support among academics for Mertons scientific norms. A generalized view of self-citation: Direct, co-author, collaborative, and coercive induced self-citation. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23302. Social Studies of Science,5(4), 423441. The weight of author self-citations. 2010). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Is citation analysis meaningful for non-academia audiences such as the public, policy-makers, clinical trial participants, healthcare providers, or grant funding agencies? The data set, which lists around 100,000 researchers, shows that at least 250 scientists have amassed more than 50% of their citations from themselves or their co-authors, while the median. Lawani, S. M. (1982). Can the quality of published academic journal articles be assessed with In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. 2015; Bakare and Lewison 2017; Bornmann et al. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. Our impact metrics reflect the power of research that is open to all. (2016). How much is too much? A taxonomy of motives to cite. comm.). This means that other publications such as letters, editorials, perspectives, and opinions were not included in our search criteria which leaves a large number of publications out of the study. LibGuides: Essential Science Indicators: Learn the Basics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007. The number of times Covid-19 publications are being cited throughout the literature appears remarkably high but has not been directly compared to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over an extended period. Exceptional medians were Space Science (SPA, 14.1%) and Mathematics (MAT, 15.6%). https://doi.org/10.1038/497557a. Ranking of the top 10 most-cited journals in several 2020 CiteScore categories (released in 2021 by Scopus, Elsevier). For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal log-normal distribution that is the same in every discipline. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.009. Thus, data include a combination of open-access and subscription-based publications in the non-Covid-19 articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0187-7. Geoderma,155(34), 434438. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. 2018); about 13% as a median, using co-author self-citation (Ioannidis et al. We anticipate that these findings could be of value to journals editors and researchers when considering efforts for future publications. Social Forces,74(2), 379422. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). 2010; Bartneck and Kokkelmans 2011; Huang and Lin 2011; Ferrara and Romero 2013; Viiu 2016). impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. In 1979, Eugene Garfield noted: Theoretically, self-citations are a way of manipulating citation rates. Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. (1998). The authors are employees of the Institute for Scientific Information, which is a part of Clarivate Analytics, the owners of the Web of Science Group. [30], In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves, Universit de Montral, Imperial College London, PLOS, eLife, EMBO Journal, The Royal Society, Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors. The distributions of the average percentage of a self-references in highly cited papers and b self-citations from highly cited papers for 3517 Highly Cited Researchers identified in the Web of Science for 20082018 publications. 2012; Adams 2013; Tang et al. DAntuono, P. & Ciavarella, M. (2019). Merton, R. K. (1995). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(9), 19231932. Brooks, T. A. in 2008 received 20.42 citations. (1985). The median citation rate at two years for Covid-19 articles in the top journals across all eight fields is 120.79 (p = <0.001). 2019; Simoes and Crespo 2020). Hirsch, J. E. (2005). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). Because of extreme skews, thresholds can only be indicative under any circumstances. The problem will arise if cronyism occurs only in isolated instances. Narin, F. (1976). The simplest journal-level metric is the journal impact factor (JIF), the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year, as calculated by Clarivate. 3. It is evident that the modal self-reference share is around 57% and the modal self-citation count is less than 5%, but this will be shown to vary by field. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887. Scientometrics,54(2), 285290. We agree with a possible criticism that the group of researchers analysed here may not be wholly representative of their field since they are generally likely to be more experienced in building a substantial portfolio of well-cited publications. We will show below that the range of self-citation rates among Highly Cited Researchers follows a negative binomial distribution (NBD). 2004; Costas et al. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. [10], The most-cited paper in history is a paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins. The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. Covid-19 has dominated global focus since the onset of 2020, affecting over 200 countries across the world [15].
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