A field within psychology that strives to understand the social dynamics, Phenomenological Research Methods Clark Moustakas, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks California, 1994 I Human Science Perspectives and Models Moustakas starts with discussing different human science perspectives, 1 EVALUATION OF IMPORTANCE FOR RESEARCH IN EDUCATION ABSTRACT PRAMODINI D V*; K. ANU SOPHIA** *Assistant Professor, Department of Information Science and Engineering, PESSE, Bangalore - 100. The relationship between Positivism, Interpretivism and sociological research methods. Realism holds that a reality exists outside of our consciousness of it and that certain fixed laws of nature that is, given relationships between phenomena are permanent fixtures of that reality, for instance the laws of gravity (Madill, 2008). A Music Therapy Research Example. In other words, an interpretivist researcher seeks to gain access to the developed meanings that participants bring to experiences and that entail the broad cultural and experiential worlds from which those individual s perspectives and beliefs are formed. . Boyd Millar millar.boyd@gmail. 1. According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), there are three major questions that help us to define a research paradigm: the ontological question, the epistemological ques-tion and the methodological question. Said other ways, it is the study of what exists, what is in reality, what is real, or in Crotty s simplest form, what is (1998, p. 10). These are questions of ontology and epistemology. Studying humans means studying highly complex beings with unique contexts, aspects that can be considered quite challenging, even inconvenient when addressing certain types of research questions. A postpositivist theoretical perspective allows that, regardless of a researcher s faithful adherence to objectivist scientific methods, findings are not considered absolute truths but rather are conjectural and circumstantial (Phillips & Burbules, 2000). 9 Epistemological Foundations 107 Phillips and Burbules (2000) report that critiques of positivism as an epistemological stance from which to conduct meaningful research in the human and social sciences have rendered this position all but abandoned by researchers, yet many of its tenets live on through the postpositivist perspective. Introduction The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between Heidegger s account of metaphysics and the central topic of his work, the question of, Analyzing Research Articles: A Guide for Readers and Writers 1 Sam Mathews, Ph.D. Department of Psychology The University of West Florida The critical reader of a research report expects the writer to, PSYCHOLOGY 305 / 305G Social Psychology Research in Social Psychology 2005 Overview Triplett s study of social influence (1897-1898) Scientific Method Experimental Advantages & Disadvantages Non-experimental, Styles: The Secret of Flexible Behavior Lisa O Connor, M.A. Research then becomes objective, measurable, predictable and controllable. Her research interests include student engineering identity development, communication . This review presents a number of issues concerned with epistemological foundation of research. Therefore, in research with human beings, such as in music therapy treatment studies, there are always dynamics at work between the researcher and those under investigation that result in a researcher s access to different sorts of knowledge; for example, objective versus interpretive knowledge or distantly observed versus relational knowledge. This study design also seems to evince the postpositivist belief in the value of ascertaining predictability in cause effect relationships and that such relationships indeed exist among particular groups and are highly probable clinical truths to be applied to similar contexts. The most typical procedures used to uncover the truths sought by positivist and postpositivist researchers include: establishing hypotheses (theoretically grounded guesses) about the sorts of cause effect relationships that can be discovered, creating operational definitions to specify precisely what is relevant to observe, controlling variables that might interfere with observing the operationally defined phenomena, gathering relevant observations or measurements (data), and analyzing the data, most often through statistical processes. Epistemological Foundations of Objectivist and Interpretivist ResearchJames Hiller 8. Postpositivist methodological concepts analyzed below include statements of hypotheses, sample characteristics, operational definitions, data collection and analysis, and generalization of findings. Interventions 8/24/2011. Consequently, the reasoning behind objectivist approaches to data gathering and analysis is left largely unexplained and readers are to simply accept that sound philosophical and theoretical foundations were applied. Postpositivists understood that these sorts of claims, particularly when applied to research with human beings and societies, were faulty and required adaptation. The purpose of this review is to make transparent certain choices related to design and enactment relative to postpositivist assumptions, in order to bring attention to issues surrounding their application in research with human beings. Methodologies and methods brought to bear in both paradigms are founded upon ontological and epistemological beliefs, assumptions, and commitments. An Introduction to Music Therapy Research. Alternatively, idealist ontology holds that we humans construct experiences of reality in our minds through thoughts and ideas, individually and/or collectively, and that that reality is open to all varieties of interpretation there are no fixed laws about how reality may be or how it may be experienced. Does coaching work? Constructivist grounded theory was proffered by Charmaz (2003, 2006) as an alternative to classic (Glaser 1978, 1992, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2011) and straussian grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin 1990, 1998). Some attempts have been made to deal with 3 Epistemological Foundations 101 (Pascale, 2011, pp. EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF OBJECTIVIST AND INTERPRETIVIST RESEARCH James Hiller At the heart of music therapy research, as in any field, is a search for knowledge. Research in Social Psychology 2005, Why Is This Topic So Important? Yet these understandings also include the same breadth of meanings belonging to the researcher, for the researcher brings her or his own world of beliefs and experiences to the interpretive process. Overview of Measurement Issues in Objectivist ResearchEric G. Waldon 11. Hypotheses are not explicitly stated, yet the researcher therapist s predictions can be inferred from the introductory material and subsequent design: specific nonmusical actions by the researcher therapist will lead to specific participant nonmusical responses (cause effect relationships). Reducing the independent and dependent variables and their relationships to one or a few concrete behaviors, as in this study, is congruent with the objectivist assumption that discrete human responses can be isolated, manipulated, and explained. Since its inception, at least in the U.S., the organized music therapy profession has sought to gain acceptance from the dominant medical professions.
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