Knife crime in England and Wales for 2020 by ethnicity Across England and Wales in 2017, 38% of knife possession convictions among under 25s were convictions of youths who self-defined as an ethnic minority, according to data from the Ministry of Justice. Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. (2009). Methamphetamine use and acquisitive crime: Evidence of a relationship. Due to data limitations the information supplied by the police in relation to the ethnicity of county lines, nominals should be treated with caution. Consequently, they are forced to focus on general patterns, and trends are often unable to shed light on exactly how or why ethnicity feeds into disparities in policing and criminal justice responses. The second major study on desistance is a UK-based analysis known as the Sheffield Pathways out of Crime Study (SPOOCS). Are a majority of youth knife offenders minority ethnic? This strategy looks at 8 studies[footnote 30] and proposes 5 broad factors of risk as can be seen in Table 1. In turn, they rely on decontextualised statistics based on fragmented data taken from multiple agencies and organisations. Data is also largely cross-sectional and correlational, so cannot actually address the underlying causes of crime or explore offending over the life-course, particularly as this relates to the diverse BAME communities of the UK. the need for systematic and standardised data capture by police forces and other stakeholders as this relates to crime and levels of offending, an overreliance on summary CJS statistics, a lack of capacity for fine-grained analysis (for example, patterns of offences by geographical area, police contact and use of force data, including logs from call handling centres and geographical deployment of officers and their activity (including stop and search data), localised socio-economic, health, and crime data, hospital admissions and school exclusion data, footage recorded by CCTV or police body-worn cameras, direct observations of police-public interactions (for example, the use of stop and search powers), conducting more randomised control trials and experiments in the UK context, as these research methods are capable of manipulating variables and help to attribute cause and effect (although this would be a longer-term goal), incorporating more ethnically-diverse samples when using quantitative methods, conducting other major longitudinal studies of offending development in the UK with more ethnically and gender-diverse samples, legitimacy (as an aggregated scale) was a significant predictor of cooperation with the police, procedural justice and distributive justice were significant predictors of cooperation with the police, lawfulness was an important predictor of cooperation with the police, perceived police effectiveness reduced cooperation with the police, obligation to obey mediated the relationship between the aggregated legitimacy scale and the individual components of legitimacy, a balanced, trusting and consistent working relationship with at least one worker, meaningful personal relationships and sense of belonging to family, emotional support, practical help and where the worker clearly believed that the young offenders had the capacity to desist from offending, restorative justice interventions which are well planned, formal offending behavioural programmes not meeting individual needs, poor relationships with, and frequent changes of, case managers, a lack of genuine involvement with their case manager in planning for work to reduce reoffending. For example, the Metropolitan Polices gangs matrix was criticised by Amnesty International for being racially discriminatory, with young Black men being over-represented, and 38% of people on the matrix being judged to pose no risk of committing violence. However, it is likely that the precise pattern of local ethnic disparity will vary across location and relate to the demographic makeup of the local population as this relates to age as much as to ethnicity. [footnote 7] Their analysis found custodial sentencing for all BAME men and Black women committing drug offences was particularly disproportionate, but only at Crown Court. Since 2016, Asian offenders had the longest Average Custody Sentence Length (ACSL) for possession of weapons offences. Knife and Offensive Weapon Sentencing Statistics: July to September [footnote 71] Linked to trust in the ability of police to protect individuals from violence is trust in the ability of police to performing their functions, and 2 UK studies are highly relevant. [footnote 15] However, the likelihood of proceeding at a magistrates court and of being committed to Crown Court for trial were either less or equal when compared with White men. . Figure 1.1: Number of stop and searches of children by ethnicity as a proportion of total where ethnicity is known, England and Wales, year ending March 2021 For the first time, stop and search . (2014). [footnote 88] There appear to be 2 groups of LO offenders.