Our exploration of moral development shifts in this chapter from the right to the good. By the same token, the mother can condition positive empathic affect: When a mother holds the baby closely, securely, affectionately, and has a smile on her face, the baby feels good and the mothers smile is associated with that feeling. De Waal (1996) suggested that social perspective-taking and other cognitive processes permit humans to direct more appropriately and effectively (fine-tune) the empathic and helping tendencies shared with other cooperative animals: The cognitive dimension [has] to do with the precise channeling of [empathy]. This basic exploratory tendency accords to reasoning a more fundamental motivational status (cognitive primacy) than that of servant to the thrall of the passions (affective primacy). We will save for later consideration (in Chapter 10) the question of moral development and reality. Some knowledge, however adapted or transformed, does originate in the environment or culture (Piaget called it empirical knowledge; see Chapter 10). One can say generally that the empathy stages emerge for most part in infancy and early childhood (in contrast to the stages of moral judgment). Abstract. Max Scheler's theory of the hierarchy of values and emotions and its Drawing on Martin Hoffman's systematic, research-based theory of empathy and socialization, it considers the complex nature of the empathic predisposition, the distinction between self and other as a prerequisite for mature empathy, and the use of both self-focused and other-focused perspective-taking in mature empathy. The connotations of empathy are emotionally neutral, lying between sympathy and antipathy but including the joyous emotions. Hoffmans attention to egoistic motives and empathic processes in moral socialization accounts for the major caveats he invokes as he uses cognitive-developmental themes. Interestingly, the newborns reactive cry is more likely to be triggered by the cry of another human newborn than by control stimuli that have included a computer-simulated cry, the cry of a chimpanzee, and even the newborns own previous cry (Dondi, Simion, & Caltran, 1999; Martin & Clark, 1982; Sagi & Hoffman, 1976; Simner, 1971). The development of scripts (or, more broadly, schemas) into morally hot cognitions is discussed further in the context of moral internalization. Mathabanes moral development was also in part a cognitive-developmental story, one of an appreciation and reflection that grew his moral judgment from Stage 2 retaliation to Stage 3 reconciliation and forgiveness in an expanded moral sphere (Kane, 1994; cf. The formation of this empathy-based sentiment (we will use empathy loosely to mean sympathy) requires a certain causal appraisal; namely, that the distressing circumstances were beyond the sufferers control (perhaps a natural disaster, unavoidable accident or illness, or the death of a loved one). Both studies also found that maternal nurturance related positively to parental induction, parental disappointment, and child empathyvariables that in turn correlate with prosocial behavior (cf. In this neo-nativist view, developmentincluding moral developmentmeans merely an increasing sophistication built upon modular activation, skill (including self-regulatory skill) acquisition, verbal articulation, and socialization in a particular culture. Although individuals with mature empathy tend to help distressed others, the actualization of that tendency is influenced to a great extent by how the situation is perceived (Hoffman, 2000; see Table 5.1). Children who receive the most sensitive care and are most securely attached to caregivers demonstrate the most comforting of and giving to others Beauchamp and Childress (2009), too, warned of over-extension: The more widely we generalize obligations of beneficence, the less likely we will be to meet our primary responsibilities to those to whom we are close or indebted, and to whom our responsibilities are clear rather than clouded (p. 200). Martin Hoffman (1 paragraph for M1/M2) + (1 paragraph for D1) M1 M2 Assess the use of Hoffman's empathy theory in building relationships, trust and preventing discrimination, must include; Summary of what Hoffman states about empathy and forming relationships Assess how HPs use Hoffman's theory to build positive relationships with .