If the above steps dont prove useful in dealing with late decelerations, especially when they recur and last more than 30 minutes, delivery is a wise option. A study of fetal heart rate acceleration patterns. Male fetuses show a more reactive ANS and less complexity in control systems than female ones, with a more linear and significantly less complex fHR activity (Bernardes et al., 2008). Wakatsuki A, Murata Y, Ninomiya Y, Masaoka N, Tyner JG, Kutty KK. Thrombin mediates vagal apoptosis and dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to prospectively followed pregnancies of women with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Obstet. In fact, the brain, through the CAN, controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic motoneurons and regulates the activity of the vagus nerve (Benarroch, 1993). Biol. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(86)90187-8, Shuffrey, L. C., Myers, M. M., Odendaal, H. J., Elliott, A. J., du Plessis, C., Groenewald, C., et al. Core temperature variation is associated with heart rate variability independent of cardiac index: a study of 278 trauma patients. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the first year of life could have consequences on cardiovascular regulation even during adolescence, which makes paramount monitoring ANS development in the 1st and 2nd year to discover infants at risk. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91080-5, Franco, P., Verheulpen, D., Valente, F., Kelmanson, I., de Broca, A., Scaillet, S., et al. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62272-1, Benny, P., Al-Akwaa, F. M., Dirkx, C., Schlueter, R. J., Wolfgruber, T. K., Chern, I. Y., et al. Sleep 35, 177186. The variations in ambient and core temperature appear to impact newborns HRV (Massaro et al., 2017): in particular, extreme variations seem to affect the autoregulatory capacities of the cardiac system and, consequently, HRV, possibly due to a dysregulated release of excitatory neurotransmitters (Tsuda et al., 2018). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis. 237, 655671. The persistent exposure to photic stimuli or high noise during pregnancy, for instance, due to the mother's occupation, seems to correlate with reduced fetal growth (Selander et al., 2019), increased incidence of congenital heart diseases (Gong et al., 2017), impaired development of cortical areas (Zhang et al., 1992; Wilson et al., 2008), and potential disruption of the vagus nerve maturation. Occup. Health 79, 379386. 216, 226231. 32, 16851695. The first stage of dilatation begins with the initiation of true labor contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. Fetal chemoreception: a developing story. Moreover, it seems that monitoring FMs could contribute to creating a primitive maternalchild bonding, even before birth (Flenady et al., 2019). They do not make assumptions about linear relationships or require independent effects and they can consider trends over time. 22, 337358. Prenatal maternal psychological distress and fetal developmental trajectories: associations with infant temperament. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012629, Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Malarkey, W. B., Berntson, G. G., and Devries, A. C. (2011). 127:117001. doi: 10.1289/EHP5153, Marzbanrad, F., Khandoker, A. H., Kimura, Y., Palaniswami, M., and Clifford, G. D. (2017). Psychopathol. In mice, neonatal CD8 T cells originate from distinct hematopoietic stem cell sources than adult CD8 T cells and exhibit rapid and short-lived responses as compared to adults ( 92, 93 ), exhibiting a layering of immune function similar to that of human fetal CD4 T cells ( 51 ). A., McClenny, B. D., and Porges, S. W. (2001). Res. The medulla oblongata also contains the vasomotor center that regulates peripheral blood vessel dilation and constriction to help maintain normal blood pressure and distribute blood to vital organs. The inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, folic acid, and vitamin B12, may result in altered fetal neurodevelopment (Starling et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015), and lead to important consequences on neurobehaviour during infancy (Gernand et al., 2016; Bordeleau et al., 2021). 89, 13761380. Organ Int. Solutions Physiol. Sci. Cord compression and uterine contractions can induce decelerations. Ann. 78, 17881798. Electronic evaluation of the fetal heart rate. 80, 777784. Early Hum. doi: 10.1109/ICATE.2016.7754700, Roux, S. G., Garnier, N. B., Abry, P., Gold, N., and Frasch, M. G. (2021). 78, 12621282. The myths and physiology surrounding intrapartum decelerations: the critical role of the peripheral chemoreflex. 2:38. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00038, Edlow, A. G. (2017). 1993 Apr; 16(2):166-75. Dev. Dev. After birth neonates with NOWS show increased levels of norepinephrine, corticotropin, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine, and lower dopamine and serotonin levels (Conradt et al., 2018), thus suggesting a possible disruption in vagal and CAP activity. Rep. 6:e13620. Whereas, 1 differs already at birth, the other metrics show different trajectories after 3040 days, hinting at different ANS development due to the experienced postnatal comorbidities (Schlatterer et al., 2021). A prominent CNS response to fetal chemoreceptor stimulation is increased sympathetic activity, inducing peripheral vasoconstriction and favoring preferential blood flow to vital organs.